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History of the Epting and Epton Families of South Carolina

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Invasions of the British Isles have occurred throughout history. Various sovereign states within the territorial infinite that constitutes the British Isles have been invaded several times, including past the Romans, by the Germanic peoples, by the Vikings, past the Normans, by the French, and by the Dutch.

Prehistory and antiquity [edit]

Celtic antiquity [edit]

Before the Romans came to Britain, and with them the advent of written records of the region, the bulk of Uk was Celtic. How and when these peoples arrived in the British Isles is a matter of much conjecture; see Celtic settlement of Uk and Ireland for more details. The 11th-century Lebor Gabála Érenn describes successive invasions and settlements of Ireland by a variety of Celtic and pre-Celtic peoples; how much of information technology is based on historical fact is debated.

Roman invasions [edit]

In 55 BC, Celtic Britain was invaded by the Romans under Julius Caesar. Caesar's two invasions did not conquer Great britain but established it every bit a major trading partner of Rome.

A century later, a botched try to conquer U.k. was made under the emperor Caligula.[1] Caligula'southward uncle and successor, Claudius, was the first emperor to oversee a successful invasion. He used as an alibi the pleas for help that came from the Atrebates, Celtic allies of Rome, and landed an army near present-day Richborough.[two] The initial landings were unopposed, and the Celts delayed in responding to the invasion. When, nether their leaders Caratacus and Togodumnus, they did, they were too late and were defeated in several battles, almost notably that of the River Medway.[1]

Claudius arrived himself, bringing upward to 38 war elephants with him.[two] When the Celts were finally defeated and Caratacus forced to abscond to Wales, Claudius returned to Rome.

Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni in her war chariot. She headed a bang-up revolt confronting the Romans but was defeated in AD 62.

In the early AD 60s, the Celtic tribal queen Boudicca led a encarmine revolt confronting Roman dominion. While the governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus was pursuing a entrada on the island of Anglesey, Boudicca, angered by maltreatment at the hands of the Romans, urged her people to rising upward.[3] They did, and marched on Camulodonum (at present Colchester), where many former Roman soldiers had settled.

The Romans in Camulodonum were massacred after a brief fight. Meanwhile, the Legio 9 Hispana (9th Legion) had been sent south from Lindum (at present Lincoln) to put down the revolt. It failed to go far in fourth dimension, and, when information technology encountered the Celts, was annihilated. The battle, all the same, may have enabled Governor Suetonius to arrive in Londinium (London) with a minor Roman army. Despite the pleas of the civil officials,[4] Suetonius marched out of the city with his troops, knowing that any stand would be disastrous. Boudicca sacked London and pushed on to Verulamium (at present St. Albans), which was also razed. Suetonius had gathered a big enough army, all the same, to do battle on the Roman route Watling Street. Boudicca was defeated, and Roman rule was restored to Britain.

In Sub-Roman Britain, the Scoti of Ireland raided and colonized the western Scottish and Welsh coastlines. Welsh fable holds that Gwynedd was established by Cunedda Wledig and his family, who invaded from the Old N, variously understood as Pictland or the Romanized tribes around York or Hadrian's Wall.

Germanic invasions [edit]

As the Roman Empire declined, its hold on Britain loosened. By Ad 410, Roman forces had been withdrawn, and small, isolated bands of migrating Germans began to invade United kingdom. At that place seems to have been no large "invasion" with a combined army or armada,[5] but the tribes, notably the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons, quickly established control over modern-twenty-four hour period England.

The peoples now called the 'Anglo-Saxons' largely came from Jutland and northern Germany, first landing in Eastern United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. There are few records existing that account this migration, and those that were written come mainly from the Mediterranean area or were created long afterward the event. There were a small number of Anglo-Saxons already living in Britain before the Roman withdrawal in Ad 408. The bulk of these served in the ground forces and helped the Romans fight Saxon pirates who raided the southern and eastern coasts of Great britain from the 3rd century onwards. Post-obit the collapse of Roman rule, the British rulers seemed to have hired the Saxons equally mercenaries to counter the threat of invasions from the Picts in the first one-half of the fifth century. The Picts became less of a threat, merely the mercenaries stayed and, realising their strength, rebelled. This encouraged the sea borne migration that later on followed and continued into the sixth century.[six]

Invasions of England (793–1285) [edit]

Viking raids and invasions [edit]

Viking raids began in England in the late 8th century, primarily on monasteries.[vii] The first monastery to be raided was in 793 at Lindisfarne, off the northeast coast, and the first recorded raid being at Portland, Dorset in 789; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle described the Vikings as heathen men.[eight] Monasteries and minster churches were popular targets as they were wealthy and had valuable objects that were portable.[9] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 840 says that Æthelwulf of Wessex was defeated at Carhampton, Somerset, afterward 35 Viking ships had landed in the surface area.[10]

According to Norse Sagas, in 865 the legendary Viking chief Ragnar Lodbrok fell into the hands of Male monarch Ælla of Northumbria. Ælla allegedly had Ragnar thrown into a snake pit. Information technology is said that Ragnar's enraged sons, taking advantage of political instability in England, recruited the Great Infidel Ground forces, which landed in the Kingdom of Due east Anglia that twelvemonth. There is no proof that this legend has any basis in history; however, it is known that several of the Viking leaders grouped their bands together to form one bully army that landed in the kingdom of East Anglia to start their attempted conquest of England in 866.[xi] [12]

In 867 the great army went north and captured York, only Ælla, together with support from the other English kingdoms, attempted to retake the city. He was unsuccessful; the annals for the year says that Ælla was killed during the boxing, just according to legend he was captured by the Vikings, who executed or Blood Eagle him as punishment for Ragnar's murder.[xi] [12] [13]

By the late 9th century, the Vikings had overrun almost of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that constituted England at the time. Still, Alfred the Groovy, king of Wessex, defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Edington in 878. The resultant treaty gave the Danes control of northern and eastern England, with Alfred and his successors controlling Wessex.[14] Only the whole of England was unified with Norway and Denmark in the eleventh century, during the reign of the Danish king Cnut the Great.[15] [16]

When Cnut died, however, he was succeeded by the Anglo-Saxon king Edward the Confessor. Edward managed to reign until his decease in 1066, when he was succeeded by the powerful Earl of Wessex, Harold Godwinson. Harold's accession, however, was not unanimously embraced. To the north, the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada invaded England. In the late summertime of 1066, the invaders sailed upwards the Ouse earlier advancing on York. Outside the city they defeated a northern English language army led past Edwin, Earl of Mercia and his brother Morcar, Earl of Northumbria at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September.[17] On hearing of the northern army'southward defeat Harold Godwinson marched the southern regular army due north and met and defeated Hardrada at Stamford Bridge.[17]

While Godwinson was decorated up north, William the Bastard (later to exist known as William the Conqueror), landed his army in Sussex, intent on seizing the throne of England.[eighteen]

Norman conquest of England [edit]

Harold Godwinson was shipwrecked at Ponthieu in 1064 and taken captive by Guy I (or Wido according to the Bayeux Tapestry), the Count of Ponthieu.[xix] It is alleged that William (Duke of Normandy), discovering that Harold had been taken convict, sent messengers ordering Count Guy to hand over his prisoner.[xix] William persuaded Harold to support William's claim to the throne of England. Harold was forced to swear an oath of support for William. Afterwards the ceremony it was revealed that the box on which Harold had made his oath contained holy relics, making the promise peculiarly binding.[20]

When Harold was crowned male monarch of England, William was angered by Harold's accretion, and set about gathering an invasion army. William, having gathered together an army and a fleet to send information technology, landed in Pevensey Bay in the late summer of 1066. Harold, having just defeated Hardrada in the due north, marched his troops back s, where, exhausted, they encountered William near Hastings.

During the battle that followed, William's forces suffered heavy casualties but managed to rout Harold's infantry.[21] However, Harold and his housecarls stood firm, despite a torrent of arrows shot at them by William's archers. Shortly later on Harold was hit by an arrow and killed, the housecarls were overwhelmed past William's victorious soldiers. William was crowned in London by the Archbishop of York, then ready about restructuring the English government and imposing the feudal organization on the nobility.

The Danish invasion of 1069–70 [edit]

William'southward rule was not withal secure and a number of revolts against the Normans took place, notably in the North of England and Eastward Anglia. A large Danish ground forces arrived in England in 1069 to support an uprising in the North. In the winter of the same year William marched his ground forces from Nottingham to York with the intention of engaging the rebel army. Nonetheless, by the fourth dimension William's regular army had reached York the rebel army had fled. As the Danes had nowhere suitable to stay for the winter, on state, they decided to go back to their ships in the Humber Estuary. They were reinforced in 1070 past a fleet from Denmark and sailed en-masse to East Anglia where they raided the expanse. Even so, William met with the Danish army and it was agreed that if he fabricated payment to them and so they would go dwelling to Denmark, without a fight.[22] [23]

Rebellions continued to occur in various parts of the country. William sent earls to deal with bug in Dorset, Shrewsbury and Devon while he dealt with rebels in the Midlands and Stafford.[24]

English alliance with the Scots (1070–1072) [edit]

Edgar Ætheling, the final remaining male member of the English royal family, fled to Scotland, in 1068, seeking protection from their male monarch, Malcolm III of Scotland.[25] Edgar sought Malcolm's assistance in his struggle confronting William.[26] Malcolm married the Ætheling'south sister, Margaret, in 1071.[25] The spousal relationship of Malcolm to Edgar'south sister greatly affected the history of both England and Scotland. The influence of Margaret and her sons brought about the anglicization of the Lowlands and also provided the Scottish king with an alibi for forays into England which he could claim were to redress the wrongs against his brother-in-constabulary.[27]

The formal link between the royal business firm of Scotland and Wessex was an obvious threat to William, who marched upwardly to Scotland in 1072 to face the Scottish king. The ii kings negotiated the Treaty of Abernethy (1072), where Malcolm became William'due south vassal, and i of the conditions of the agreement was the expulsion of Edgar Ætheling from the Scottish court.[28]

Outset Barons' War (1215–1217) [edit]

When the English King Richard I was mortally wounded during fighting against the French in 1199, his brother John succeeded him. John continued the state of war confronting King Philip Ii of France, whose forces overran much of the English territory in France, including Normandy.

Subsequently John'due south second effort to invade France failed, his nobles forced him to concur to the Magna Carta in 1215. Notwithstanding, the king disregarded the charter's contents, and the barons rose upward confronting him and appealed to the heir to the French throne, the hereafter Louis Viii, to replace John as king. The first French troops arrived in November 1215, with 240 knights and a similar number of infantry following in Jan 1216.[29] In May 1216 Louis himself arrived with his army and moved speedily to capture London. At that place was little resistance when the prince entered London and at St Paul's Cathedral, Louis was proclaimed King with nifty pomp and celebration in the presence of all of London. Even though he was non crowned, many nobles, as well every bit Rex Alexander II of Scotland (1214–1249), gathered to give homage.

The French took a number of castles in Southern England including Winchester in June, Chichester and Reigate Castles, and began a major siege of Dover Castle.[30] John died in October and was succeeded by his son, Henry and Louis' support began to wane equally barons who had grievances with John took the opportunity to make peace with the new king.[31] The French abandoned the siege of Dover Castle in Nov but the campaign continued in the due south-east. In early 1217, the focus shifted northwards, culminating in a major French defeat at the Battle of Lincoln in May. The defense of England was led by Sir William Marshal, who was besides 1 of Male monarch Henry Iii's regents.[32] In Baronial, a fleet conveying French reinforcements was defeated off Sandwich. Louis realised that the crusade was lost and in September 1217 signed the Treaty of Kingston, leaving the country later that month.[33]

The war, and the invasion, left England with few territories in France but with the Norman Plantagenet dynasty still on the throne.

Invasions of Wales (1067–1284) [edit]

Soon later on their conquest of England in 1066, the Normans invaded Wales. Although, the Welsh reversed much of the Normans' initial advance, the Marcher lords continued to occupy significant parts of the country.

Past the 13th century the Welsh principality of Gwynedd posed a significant threat both to the Marcher lords and to the King of England. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Gwynedd, secured the recognition of the title Prince of Wales from Henry 3 with the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267. Later withal, a succession of disputes, including the imprisonment of Llywelyn'due south wife Eleanor, daughter of Simon de Montfort, culminated in the beginning invasion by Edward I.

Every bit a issue of military defeat, the Treaty of Aberconwy exacted Llywelyn'southward fealty to England in 1277. Peace was brusk lived and, with the completion in 1282 of the Edwardian conquest, the rule of the Welsh princes permanently ended. With Llywelyn's death and his brother prince Dafydd'south execution, the few remaining Welsh lords did homage for their lands to Edward I.

Invasions of England and Wales (1284–1797) [edit]

Scottish Wars [edit]

Anglo-Scottish relations were generally poor throughout the Late Heart Ages. Edward I's attempts to become feudal overlord of Scotland afterwards the decease of Alexander 3 in 1286 led to a long struggle for Scottish independence. Significantly, in 1295 it led to a long running alliance with France, later known as the Auld brotherhood.[34] Warfare between the English and the French would therefore provide a strategic context of many of the major Scottish invasions of England, in particular in 1346, 1385 and 1513.[35] French troops were also involved in the Scottish invasion of England in 1464, during the Wars of the Roses.

The Smashing Raid of 1322 [edit]

The Weardale entrada 1327 [edit]

The Neville's Cross Campaign 1346 [edit]

The Franco-Scottish invasion of 1385 [edit]

A Franco-Scottish force attacks Wark, from an edition of Froissart's Chronicles

In May 1385, a French force led by admiral Jean de Vienne sailed from Sluys to Leith in Scotland. It consisted of at least 1,000 men-at-arms plus servants and crossbowmen, and carried 50,000 gold francs as gifts for the Scots nobility [36] [37] A joint attack on the N of England was planned but at that place was considerable disharmony between the Scots and French contingents. Somewhen a joint strength invaded England in July and succeeded in taking the castle at Wark.[38] Nevertheless, an English relief army was approaching and the Franco-Scottish force fell back before them to Edinburgh, which was burned by the English on August 11. Admiral de Vienne led his men on a counterattack on the English Westward March, launching an assault on Carlisle on September vii.[39] The assail failed and the French forcefulness cruel back into Scotland harried by English forces. De Vienne returned to Edinburgh hoping to over winter but morale among his army was declining and many determined to return home to French republic, despite the lateness of the season.

The Flodden Campaign 1513 [edit]

In 1508, a warden of the Scottish Due east March was murdered by an English Northumbrian.[xl] Taking advantage of the political crisis caused past this incident, the French king, whose nation was at war with the English king, Henry Eight, convinced James Iv of Scotland to invade his southern neighbour.

Since Male monarch Henry was in French republic campaigning, Queen Catherine of Aragon organized an English ground forces and placed it nether the command of the elderly Earl of Surrey. The army marched north and met James' forces at Flodden. James surprised the English by leading his centre in a wild charge against Surrey's, but the English stood fast and repulsed the Scots, unhorsing and killing James.[40] The boxing concluded in an English victory.

The Hundred Years' War [edit]

Franco-Castilian raids on the English coast 1374–lxxx

There were numerous French raids on the English coast during the Hundred Years' War. Few of these had the scale, or purpose, of invasions. Perhaps the closest was the overrunning of the Isle of Wight by a French fleet commanded past Jean de Vienne in August 1377.[41] Some more pregnant French operations practise warrant mention, however.

French invasions of the Aqueduct Islands [edit]

In March 1338, a French force landed in Jersey, intent on capturing the island.[42] Although the island was overrun, the main fortification in the island, Gorey Castle, remained in English hands.[43] The French remained until September, when they sailed off to conquer Guernsey, Alderney and Sark. In 1339 the French returned, allegedly with 8,000 men in 17 Genoese galleys and 35 French ships. Once again they failed to have the castle and, after causing harm, withdrew. The English were able to recapture Guernsey in October 1340 only the French held out in Castle Cornet until 1345.[44]

In July 1373, Bertrand du Guesclin overran Jersey and besieged Mont Orgueil. His troops succeeded in breaching the outer defences, forcing the garrison back to the go on. The garrison came to an agreement that they would surrender if non relieved by Michaelmas and du Guesclin sailed back to Brittany, leaving a small forcefulness to acquit on the siege. Fortunately for the defenders, an English relief fleet arrived in time.[45]

The French did non succeed in capturing Bailiwick of jersey during the Hundred Years' War, but did capture Mont Orgueil in the summer of 1461, allegedly as part of a secret deal between Margaret of Anjou and Pierre de Brézé to gain French back up for the Lancastrian cause. The island was held by the French until 1468, when Yorkist forces and local militia were able to recapture the castle.[46]

The invasion threat of 1386 [edit]

From Dec 1385, Charles Half dozen of French republic began to set for an invasion of England, assembling ships in the Low Countries and Brittany.[47] Preparations continued all through the bound and summertime of 1386, with the assembly of large quantities of stores, equipment and men. Amongst the stores assembled was a large prefabricated wooden fort, three,000 paces long, with walls 20 ft (6m) high.[48] The English responded by raising forces of men-at-artillery and archers, who were stationed on the coast from the Humber to Cornwall. Originally intending to attack in Baronial, Charles put back the date to October, and early in the month joined his armada in Flanders. However, he was persuaded by his admiral, the Knuckles of Berry, to postpone the attack to the following year. A smaller-scale expedition was planned for the summer of 1387 but information technology came to zilch.[49]

The French Invasion of 1405 [edit]

In July 1404, Owain Glyn Dwr signed a treaty with the French by which they recognised him equally Prince of Wales.[fifty] This led to a French expeditionary force landing in Due south Wales in February 1405 to support Glyn Dwr's forces. In August these were reinforced by a further expedition of two,500 men. The combined army campaigned in Pembrokeshire, destroying Haverfordwest and capturing Carmarthen.[51] Co-ordinate to the French historian Monstrelet, they and then invaded England and for eight days faced the English army of Henry Four at Woodbury Hill. No battle withal occurred and the Franco-Welsh force returned to Wales.[51] Although some of the French returned dwelling in November, most overwintered. Attempts were made to bring French reinforcements in 1406 simply these were intercepted by the English language fleet. The remaining French troops were withdrawn sometime during the twelvemonth.[52]

The overthrow of Richard Ii, 1399 [edit]

In October 1398, Henry Bolingbroke was exiled for ten years by Richard 2. In February 1399, Henry's begetter, John of Gaunt, died, and in March 1399, Richard declared that Henry'southward inheritance was forfeit and that he was a traitor, permanently banished from the realm.[53] Then, in what was to prove a major strategic error, Richard proceeded with his army to Ireland. This gave Henry the opportunity to return to England and, on 4 July 1399, he landed with a small force at Ravenspur.[54] From in that location, he marched into the Lancastrian heartlands of Yorkshire, building his forces. At Bridlington, he was joined by the Earl of Northumberland and his son Henry Percy. The army marched southwards and on 20 July reached Leicester. Meanwhile, Richard's regent, Edmund, Duke of York had raised an army and was in Hertfordshire. The Duke of York had little desire to fight, however, and detaching himself from the ground forces, met Henry at Berkeley Castle on 27 July. Henry then marched his army to Bristol, where Richard'due south major supporters had gathered to await his return from Ireland. The castle apace surrendered and Richard's main counselors were promptly executed.[55]

In the meantime, Richard had returned from Ireland, landing in Milford Oasis in South Wales. However, fearing a plot, he abandoned his ground forces and fled to North Wales, where he had stronger support. However, support was non forthcoming and at the commencement of Baronial, Henry and his army were at Chester while Richard with a few men held Conway Castle. Henry sent a force under the Earl of Northumberland to capture Richard, which they did by a play a joke on on 15 August.[56] Richard was taken to London and on 29 September was forced to forsake. On 30 September Henry was proclaimed male monarch at Westminster Hall, the outset of the Lancastrian kings.[57]

The Wars of the Roses [edit]

England was spared invasion during the Hundred Years' War against France and Castile, simply it was plagued by 32 years (1455–1487) of civil wars known every bit the Wars of the Roses. The Lancastrian branch of the Business firm of Plantagenet, which had overthrown the direct majestic line in 1399, was embroiled in fighting confronting the Yorkist fly of the dynasty.

The Lancastrian king, Henry 6, was deposed twice during the wars and was murdered after the 2d deposition. He was replaced past the Yorkist claimant, Edward IV, who ruled until his death. He was succeeded by his young son, Edward V, who, along with his brother, was placed in the Tower of London,[58] where he disappeared under suspicious circumstances. The primary benefactor of Edward'south disappearance was the boys' regent and uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who was then crowned male monarch.[58]

In exile in Brittany, Henry Tudor, a distant relation of the Lancastrians, gathered a small, mainly mercenary regular army and mounted an invasion of Wales in 1485. Welshmen, Lancastrians, and disaffected Yorkists rallied behind Tudor, whose forces encountered Richard and the majestic army at Bosworth Field on August 22. Richard was killed during the fighting, and his forces lost the battle.[58]

Tudor was crowned king as Henry Seven, and, after defeating Yorkist rebels in 1487, established the House of Tudor as the sole English ruling dynasty.

Perkin Warbeck [edit]

The pretender Perkin Warbeck fabricated 3 attempts to invade England. The commencement, on 3 July 1495, occurred at Deal. Warbeck had arrived on a fleet of ships provided by Maximillian I. An advanced force of supporters and Flemish mercenaries was put ashore to try to raise local rebellion. Local forces withal, defeated the landing political party, killing 150 and capturing 163.[59] Warbeck himself did not land.

The second invasion came in September 1496. Warbeck had been received in Scotland in January 1496 and James IV supported him in an invasion of England subsequently in the yr. Unfortunately for the invaders, there was once more no local support for Warbeck and the invaders soon returned across the border.

The third, and near successful, invasion took place in Cornwall in September 1497. In May and June 1497, there had been a revolt against Henry VII in Cornwall. This had been suppressed following the rebels' defeat at Blackheath. Yet, there was still sufficient dissatisfaction that when Warbeck arrived with a small-scale force, he was accepted by many locals as Richard 4 and soon raised a force of up to 8,000 rebels.[59] With this army, he besieged Exeter. The fighting, over two days, was encarmine, with the rebels making assaults on Northward and East gates. One or both gates were penetrated but the attackers were driven out after vehement street fighting. 300–400 rebels are alleged to have been killed during the attack.[lx] With the failure of the attack, the rebel army withdrew to Taunton. By this time, however, a royal army was approaching and the morale of the rebels began to crack. Warbeck fled on 21 September but was captured at Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire.[59]

The Battle of Cornwall of 1595 [edit]

The Raid on the Medway [edit]

The Raid on the Medway, during the 2nd Anglo-Dutch State of war in June 1667, was a successful assault conducted by the Dutch navy on English language battleships at a time when most were virtually unmanned and unarmed, laid up in the armada anchorages off Chatham Dockyard and Gillingham in the county of Kent. At the time, the fortress of Upnor Castle and a barrier chain chosen the "Gillingham Line" were supposed to protect the English ships.

The Dutch, under nominal command of Willem Joseph van Ghent and Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter, over several days bombarded and captured the boondocks of Sheerness, sailed up the Thames estuary to Gravesend, and so sailed into the River Medway to Chatham and Gillingham, where they engaged fortifications with cannon fire, burned or captured three capital ships and x more ships of the line, and captured and towed away the flagship of the English armada, HMS Royal Charles.

The Glorious Revolution [edit]

In 1688 the Dutch stadtholder William Iii of Orange-Nassau landed an ground forces in Devon at the invitation of a group of Protestant nobles who were dissatisfied with what they perceived every bit the absolutist tendencies of the reigning Catholic Male monarch James II. Afterwards a brief campaign culminating in the Battle of Reading, William'south army successfully forced James into exile in France. After securing French military bankroll, James attempted to re-invade past mustering troops in Ireland, but was defeated decisively at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. After Parliament legitimized William'southward invasion it became known as the Glorious Revolution.

Information technology was the terminal successful invasion of the British Isles to engagement.[61] [62] [63]

The Battle of Fishguard of 1797 [edit]

The Boxing of Fishguard was a armed services invasion of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland by Revolutionary France during the War of the Starting time Coalition. The cursory campaign, on 22–24 February 1797, is the most recent landing on British soil by a hostile strange force, and thus is frequently referred to as the "last invasion of mainland Britain".

The French general Lazare Hoche had devised a three-pronged attack on United kingdom in back up of the Society of United Irishmen. Two forces would state in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland as a diversionary effort, while the main body would land in Ireland. Agin weather and sick-subject halted two of the forces but the third, aimed at landing in Wales and marching on Bristol, went ahead.

After brief clashes with hastily assembled British forces and the local noncombatant population, the invading force'south Irish gaelic-American commander, Colonel William Tate, was forced into unconditional surrender on 24 February. In a related naval activity, the British captured 2 of the expedition'southward vessels, a frigate and a corvette.

Invasions of Ireland [edit]

Norman invasions 1169–72 [edit]

Scottish Invasion of 1315–18 [edit]

Invasions of Scotland [edit]

Viking raids and invasions [edit]

While there are few records, the Vikings are thought to take led their first raids in Scotland on the holy island of Iona in 794, the year post-obit the raid on the other holy island of Lindisfarne, Northumbria.

In 839, a large Norse fleet invaded via the River Tay and River Earn, both of which were highly navigable, and reached into the centre of the Pictish kingdom of Fortriu. They defeated Eogán mac Óengusa, king of the Picts, his brother Bran and the king of the Scots of Dál Riata, Áed mac Boanta, along with many members of the Pictish aristocracy in battle. The sophisticated kingdom that had been built fell autonomously, as did the Pictish leadership, which had been stable for more a hundred years since the time of Óengus mac Fergusa. The accretion of Cináed mac Ailpín as king of both Picts and Scots can be attributed to the aftermath of this effect.

The Wars of Independence [edit]

Following the disputed succession of the Scottish crown on the death of Alexander Three, Edward I led an English invasion in 1296, sacking Berwick upon Tweed and subjugating Scotland. The following year the Scots rose nether the leadership of William Wallace.[64] They decisively defeated the English in the Battle of Stirling Bridge, and began a brief invasion of northern England. Edward rushed northward with his army and inflicted a crushing defeat on Wallace at Falkirk. Wallace was captured and executed afterward. Further campaigns by Edward in 1300 and 1301 led to a truce between the Scots and the English in 1302. After some other campaign in 1303/1304, Stirling Castle, the final major Scottish held stronghold, vicious to the English, and in February 1304, negotiations led to well-nigh of the remaining nobles paying homage to Edward and to the Scots all but surrendering. All the same, the Scots rose once more under their new king, Robert the Bruce, and routed[65] the regular army of Edward 2 during the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Peace was concluded in 1327.

In 1332, Edward III of England supported the claims of Edward Balliol to the Scottish throne. Balliol led an invasion, and following his success at Dupplin Moor, Edward III also moved north. Past 1333, much of Scotland was nether English occupation, with eight of the Scottish lowland counties beingness ceded to England by Edward Balliol. In 1334, Edward III invaded again, but he accomplished little and retreated in February 1335 having failed to bring the Scots to battle. He and Edward Balliol returned again in July with an regular army of 13,000, and avant-garde through Scotland, get-go to Glasgow and so Perth, where Edward III installed himself equally his regular army looted and destroyed the surrounding countryside. In May 1336 an English language regular army under Henry of Lancaster invaded, followed in July past another army under Male monarch Edward. Together, they ravaged much of the n-e and sacked Elgin and Aberdeen, while a 3rd army ravaged the south-due west and the Clyde valley. Philip VI of France appear that he intended to aid the Scots by invading England, prompting Edward'due south retreat. By late 1336, the Scots had regained control over well-nigh all of Scotland. Although the state of war continued until the Treaty of Berwick in 1357, the English did not return to Scotland.

The Crude Wooing [edit]

In 1542 the babe Mary, Queen of Scots, acceded to the Scottish throne. Henry VIII of England sought a dynastic spousal relationship between Mary and his son Edward. An initial proposal was agreed, just due to internal divisions between pro-French republic and pro-English language factions, the Scots rescinded the understanding. War broke out and the English army sacked Edinburgh in May 1544. The battle of Ancrum Moor the post-obit year led to the English withdrawal. Later Henry'due south decease and the installation of Protector Somerset, the English returned, defeating the Scots at the battle of Pinkie in September 1547. They established a base at Haddington and put much of southern Scotland under military rule.

In response, the Scots requested aid from the French, and French troops arrived at Leith in 1548. The Treaty of Norham concluded hostilities in 1551, although the French remained until the Siege of Leith in 1560, when they were ejected past combined Protestant Scottish and English forces. This latter period of the disharmonize is sometimes referred to every bit a proxy state of war, fought by Scottish factions on behalf of France and England.

In contemporary culture [edit]

Some far right and hate groups have attempted to conflate immigration and asylum seekers to a hostile military invasion in order to weaponise these issues and push for tougher more isolationist policies. This comparison does not stand to scrutiny however and have been widely debunked.

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b Invasion U.k.
  2. ^ a b Claudian Invasion of Britain. Unrv.com. Retrieved on 2010-10-xix.
  3. ^ Boudicca's Revolt. Unrv.com. Retrieved on 2010-10-nineteen.
  4. ^ Churchill, Winston (1956). The History of the English Speaking People, Book I, The Birth of U.k..
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References [edit]

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  • Barlow, Frank (2002). The Godwins. London: Pearson Longman. ISBN0-582-78440-nine.
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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasions_of_the_British_Isles

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